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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Russian versions of the Global Assessment of Disability Related to Seizures and Global Assessment of Severity of Epilepsy scales.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

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[Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures].

G V Kustov1, M S Zinchuk1, F K Rider1

  • 1Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia.

Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
|September 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review examines psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), covering their prevalence, risk factors, and origins, including psychological trauma. It also details diagnostic methods and the significant psychiatric comorbidities associated with PNES.

Keywords:
PNESdissociative disordersepilepsyfunctional neurological disorderspsychogenic non-epileptic seizures

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) represent a significant diagnostic challenge.
  • Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors for PNES is crucial for effective management.
  • The interplay between psychological factors and neurological symptoms in PNES requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiological data on PNES.
  • To discuss the prevalence, socio-demographic, and clinical risk factors associated with PNES.
  • To explore the hypotheses regarding the origin of PNES, including the role of psychological trauma and to highlight psychiatric comorbidities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies on PNES.
  • Analysis of data on prevalence and risk factors.
  • Discussion of diagnostic methods, including biomarkers and questionnaires.
  • Examination of psychiatric comorbidity in PNES patients.

Main Results:

  • PNES exhibit distinct epidemiological patterns and risk factors.
  • Psychological trauma is a significant hypothesized contributor to PNES development.
  • Differential diagnosis between epileptic seizures and PNES is complex, necessitating advanced methods.
  • High rates of psychiatric comorbidity are observed in individuals with PNES.

Conclusions:

  • PNES are a distinct clinical entity with a considerable burden.
  • Accurate diagnosis and understanding of etiology, including psychological factors, are key.
  • Addressing psychiatric comorbidities is essential for comprehensive PNES patient care.