Vinum resinatum: Scientists and unintended consequences

The art of winemaking has a long history. The methods and techniques changed over millennia as did the consumers taste and habits. Improving the taste of the wine and preventing conversion to vinegar required fantasy and creativity. The principal substances employed as conditurae were seawater, turpentine, either pure, or in the form of pitch (pix), tar (pix liquida), or resin (resina); lime, in the form of gypsum, burnt marble, or calcined shells; inspissated must, aromatic herbs, spices, and gums, and these were used either singly, or cooked up into a great variety of complicated confections. Turpentine exposure (oral. dermal. or respiratory) confers urine the scent of violets. It is generally assumed that turpentine's effect on urine was noticed subsequent to its use as medicine, as a component of various remedies popular in antiquity and thereafter. The high price of such elaborate concoctions would have made however such means available to only a privileged few. Furthermore, the high number of components would also have made association of a particular ingredient with a specific effect difficult if not impossible. We examined the possibility that the effect of turpentine on urine was noticed due to its presence in wines and therefore to the likely widespread exposure of the population to its effects. We review the literature supporting this possibility and provide biographic data on some of the pharmacists, chemists, and physicians involved.