Structure of epidemic models: toward further applications in economics

In this paper, we review the structure of various epidemic models in mathematical epidemiology for the future applications in economics. The heterogeneity of population and the generalization of nonlinear terms play important roles in making more elaborate and realistic models. The basic, effective, control and type reproduction numbers have been used to estimate the intensity of epidemic, to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and to design appropriate interventions. The advanced epidemic models includes the age structure, seasonality, spatial diffusion, mutation and reinfection, and the theory of reproduction numbers has been generalized to them. In particular, the existence of sustained periodic solutions has attracted much interest because they can explain the recurrent waves of epidemic. Although the theory of epidemic models has been developed in decades and the development has been accelerated through COVID-19, it is still difficult to completely answer the uncertainty problem of epidemic models. We would have to mind that there is no single model that can solve all questions and build a scientific attitude to comprehensively understand the results obtained by various researchers from different backgrounds.