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Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques
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Development of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention Using an Integrated Approach: Project SMART.

Yeonhak Jung1, Sheri L Burson2, Christine Julien3

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|September 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study developed Project SMART, an online game promoting physical activity (PA) in elementary schools. The program uses Self-Determination Theory to boost student motivation for healthy lifestyles and academic achievement.

Keywords:
community-based participatory researchintervention mapping protocolphysical activityphysical activity promotionschool-based physical activityself-determination theory

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Area of Science:

  • Childhood health promotion
  • Educational psychology
  • Public health interventions

Background:

  • Physical activity (PA) is crucial for school-age children's health, but most US children do not meet recommended levels.
  • Integrating PA into the school day, linked to curriculum, is vital for increasing participation.
  • Low PA rates necessitate innovative school-based programs to foster lifelong healthy habits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the development of a school-based PA program using the Intervention Mapping Protocol (IMP).
  • To integrate Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to enhance student motivation for physical activity.
  • To pilot Project SMART, an online educational game designed to increase PA and improve learning outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modified Intervention Mapping Protocol (IMP) with 22 physical education teachers and 167 elementary students.
  • Applied Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as the theoretical framework for intervention design.
  • Developed Project SMART, an online game where class PA advances a virtual journey across the United States, unlocking educational modules.

Main Results:

  • Project SMART integrates PA with STEM and social-emotional learning, promoting health behaviors.
  • The intervention was tailored to children's contextual and cultural needs through a participatory approach.
  • While labor-intensive, the development process offers a replicable model for evidence-based PA interventions.

Conclusions:

  • School-based PA programs, like Project SMART, can effectively promote physical activity and learning.
  • Integrating PA into the curriculum using theoretical frameworks like SDT is essential for student engagement.
  • The IMP provides a structured approach for developing contextually relevant and effective health interventions for children.