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Related Concept Videos

Integrins01:10

Integrins

4.4K
Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
Some ECM proteins assemble into a basement membrane to which the remaining components adhere. Proteoglycans typically form the bulk of the ECM while fibrous proteins, like collagen,...
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Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

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Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily  involved...
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Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions01:24

Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions

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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Analyzing Cell Surface Adhesion Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Tension Using Magnetic Beads
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Analyzing Cell Surface Adhesion Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Tension Using Magnetic Beads

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Above the Matrix: Functional Roles for Apically Localized Integrins.

Raven J Peterson1, Michael Koval1,2

  • 1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|September 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Integrins, traditionally known for cell adhesion, are increasingly found on apical cell surfaces. These apically localized integrins regulate key cellular processes including endocytosis and interactions with junctional proteins.

Keywords:
apical/basolateral polaritycell migrationcytoskeletonmechanosensingtight junctions

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Integrins are transmembrane proteins crucial for cell adhesion and intracellular signaling.
  • Traditionally, integrins are localized to basolateral and lateral cell surfaces, mediating ECM binding and actin organization.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the presence and function of integrins at the apical cell surface.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the newly appreciated roles of integrins localized to the apical cell surface.
  • To discuss how apical integrins interact with other cellular components.
  • To highlight the regulatory functions of apical integrins in cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating integrin localization and function.
  • Analysis of experimental data demonstrating apical integrin activity.
  • Synthesis of findings on integrin interactions with connexins, tight junction proteins, and polarity complex proteins.

Main Results:

  • Apically localized integrins, both endogenous and exogenous, regulate diverse cellular functions.
  • Apical integrins interact with connexins, tight junction proteins, and polarity complex proteins.
  • Integrins at the apical surface can function as receptors to mediate endocytosis.

Conclusions:

  • Integrins possess significant roles at the apical cell surface beyond traditional basolateral functions.
  • Apical integrin localization is critical for regulating cell polarity, junctional integrity, and endocytic pathways.
  • Further research into apical integrin functions will enhance our understanding of cell regulation and signaling.