Sonodynamic therapy and common head and neck cancers: in vitro and in vivo studies

Carcinogenesis is a complex multi-stage process associated with abnormal oncogenic signals in various signaling pathways. HNSCC (Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) includes the majority of head and neck cancers (HNC). Also, HNSCC indicates a tumors heterogeneous group that derives from the squamous epithelium of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, and larynx. The main cancer management approach contains chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery separately or in combination. Each therapeutic approach has a limitation that influences cancer therapy procedures. Different treatment manners, stimuli-responsive therapeutic methods can improve on-target responses and reduce side effects. Sonodynamic therapy (ST) shows promising potential as an alternative treatment for cancer in the last few years. There is a hypothesis that shows ST using sonosenitizer in combination with low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) could be useful in all kinds of cancer without focusing on specific target proteins, molecules, and/or genes. This review study discussed the application of ST for the treatment, ST mechanisms, and also, advances in the treatment of HNCs approaches in the recent decades.