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Updated: Apr 26, 2026
Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
Published on: February 8, 2018
Seeing the forest and the tree: TILs and PD-L1 as immune biomarkers
Peter Savas1,2, Roberto Salgado1,3, Sherene Loi4,5
1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
Abstract:
Here we will provide an immune-focussed overview of biomarkers in early and advanced stage breast cancer. It should be noted from the outset that all the biomarkers under discussion here have not been tested in prospective clinical trials to determine their predictive performance. Such trials require very large sample sizes due to the statistical burden of testing an interaction between a treatment and a biomarker, which is compounded by the heterogeneous biology of breast cancer (Polley et al. in J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1677-1683 2013 [1]). For a detailed discussion of the immunobiology of breast cancer, analytical aspects of these biomarkers, emerging biomarkers such as tumour mutation burden and detailed immunotherapy clinical trial data, see other articles in this issue.
Insights
This review focuses on immune biomarkers for breast cancer across all stages. Biomarker predictive performance requires further validation in large clinical trials due to cancer
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Biomarker Research
Background:
- Breast cancer presents complex immunobiology.
- Biomarkers are crucial for treatment selection.
- Current biomarkers require further clinical validation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an immune-focused overview of biomarkers in early and advanced breast cancer.
- To highlight the need for prospective clinical trials for biomarker validation.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of immune-focused biomarkers in breast cancer.
- Discussion of challenges in biomarker validation.
Main Results:
- An overview of current immune-focused biomarkers is presented.
- Prospective clinical trials are necessary for predictive performance assessment.
Conclusions:
- Immune biomarkers show promise in breast cancer.
- Further research and large-scale trials are essential for clinical utility.
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