Complex nests but no use of tools: An investigation of problem solving in weaverbirds (Ploceidae)

Few avian species use tools in the wild. Yet, several birds build nests of great complexity and many aspects of tool use may also apply to nest building. It has long been hypothesised that tool use may select for specialised cognitive adaptations or even general cognitive skills. This might similarly pertain to species that build complex nests. In this study, we investigated the problem-solving capacity of a complex nest builder, a weaverbird species, in a foraging context that either required or did not require the use of tools. First, we tested the capacity of yellow-crowned bishops (Euplectes afer ssp. afer) to use a tool for retrieving an out-of-reach reward during three problem-solving tasks offering different nest/non-nest materials (Experiment 1). Next, subjects were confronted with two problem-solving tasks that required no tools (Experiment 2). No subject was able to use a tool in Experiment 1. However, 11 out of 12 subjects succeeded in using their beak in the first problem-solving task, and 9 in the second problem-solving task of Experiment 2. These results suggest that weaverbirds showed flexible problem-solving if the use of tools was not required.