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Related Concept Videos

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification01:25

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Esters can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids under acidic or basic conditions. Base-promoted hydrolysis of esters is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which esters react with an aqueous base, followed by an acid to give carboxylic acids. This reaction is also known as saponification because it forms the basis for making soaps from fats.
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Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview01:20

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

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The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil Fischer in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
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Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism01:13

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

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Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
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Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers
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Hydrogen-bonded lipase-hydrogel microspheres for esterification application.

Zhengqiang Qin1, Nuan Feng1, Yao Li2

  • 1Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|September 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Immobilizing lipase in polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres creates a controlled micro-water environment, enhancing esterification reactions and enzyme stability for industrial applications.

Keywords:
EsterificationHydrogel microsphereHydrogen bondingLipaseMicro water environment

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Enzyme immobilization
  • Polymer chemistry

Background:

  • Lipase is crucial for industrial esterification but requires an oil-water interface.
  • Traditional methods struggle to control water, limiting reaction efficiency and yield.
  • Free water hinders lipase activity in anhydrous esterification systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for lipase immobilization using porous polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres (PHM).
  • To create a "micro-water environment" for enhanced lipase activity in anhydrous esterification.
  • To improve lipase stability and reusability for industrial applications.

Main Methods:

  • Lipase was adsorbed onto PHM via hydrogen bonding.
  • PHM were synthesized using inverse emulsion polymerization.
  • The immobilized lipase (L-PHMs) was characterized for activity, stability, and reusability.

Main Results:

  • L-PHMs provided a "micro-water environment" and oil-water interface for lipase.
  • Immobilized lipase showed enhanced temperature and pH stability compared to free lipase.
  • Optimum activity reached 1350 U/g (pH 6, 40°C), with 49% activity retained after 20 reuses.
  • Successful application in conjugated linoleic acid ethyl ester synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Polyacrylamide hydrogel microspheres are effective carriers for lipase immobilization.
  • This method enhances lipase activity, stability, and reusability in ester synthesis.
  • It offers a new strategy for industrial lipase applications.