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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Chromosomal aberrations after induced pluripotent stem cells reprogramming.

Isadora May Vaz1,2, Tamara Borgonovo1,2, Tais Hanae Kasai-Brunswick3,4

  • 1Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Escola de Medicina, Núcleo de Tecnologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

Genetics and Molecular Biology
|September 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can develop genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities during reprogramming and cultivation. G-banding karyotyping is crucial for detecting these crucial genetic alterations in iPSC lines for safe applications.

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Last Updated: Oct 21, 2025

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Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP
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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold promise for regenerative medicine.
  • In vitro cultivation and reprogramming can induce genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in iPSCs.
  • Maintaining genetic stability is critical for the safe experimental and clinical use of iPSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze chromosomal alterations in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines.
  • To evaluate the utility of G-banding karyotyping for detecting genetic instability in iPSCs.

Main Methods:

  • G-banding karyotyping was performed on 97 samples from 38 iPSC lines.
  • iPSC lines were derived from peripheral blood or Wharton's jelly of patients and normal individuals.
  • Analysis included samples before and after reprogramming, and across multiple passages (P6-P34).

Main Results:

  • Various chromosomal alterations were detected, including acentric fragments, fusions, premature centromere divisions, double minutes, radial figures, ring chromosomes, polyploidies, inversions, and trisomies.
  • Abnormal clones can emerge or be selected during iPSC generation and cultivation.
  • Chromosomal aberrations were more common in later passages (P6-P34) of iPSC lines.

Conclusions:

  • G-banding karyotyping is a valuable method for assessing genetic instability in iPSC lines.
  • The detected chromosomal aberrations have significant implications for the application of iPSC technology.
  • Careful monitoring of genetic stability is essential for the safe use of iPSCs in research and clinical settings.