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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...
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Formation of Intermediate Filaments00:57

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Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal proteins with higher tensile strength and flexibility than microfilaments and microtubules. Unlike the other two cytoskeletal proteins, intermediate filament formation lacks the enzymatic activity to hydrolyze nucleotides like ATP and GTP to generate energy for polymerization. Therefore, the formation of intermediate filaments is multistep self-assembly. The involvement of any accessory proteins in intermediate filament formation has not yet been...
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Types of Intermediate Filaments01:31

Types of Intermediate Filaments

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The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments01:19

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of microfilaments (7 nm) and the microtubules (25 nm).  These filaments are highly stable and can remain intact when exposed to high salt concentrations and detergents. These filaments are responsible for providing stability and mechanical support to the cells. They also help in cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity.
Intermediate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Evaluation of Biomarkers in Glioma by Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin-Embedded 3D Glioma Neurosphere Cultures
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Nuclear IMPDH Filaments in Human Gliomas.

Narges Ahangari1, David G Munoz1, Josee Coulombe2

  • 1From the Department of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear rods, previously linked to class III beta-tubulin (TUBB3), are identified in adult diffuse gliomas. These rods are associated with better survival in glioblastoma patients and may regulate nucleotide synthesis, impacting glioma behavior.

Keywords:
CytoophidiaGlioblastomaGliomaIMPDH filamentsNuclear rods

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Pathology

Background:

  • Nuclear morphology is crucial for glioma diagnosis and grading.
  • Intranuclear rods (rods) were previously identified in ependymomas using an antibody against class III beta-tubulin (TUBB3).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and significance of nuclear rods in adult diffuse gliomas.
  • To determine the antigenic properties and functional role of nuclear rods.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nuclear rods in a cohort of adult diffuse gliomas (IDH-mutant and IDH-wildtype).
  • Assessment of the association between nuclear rods, patient survival, and proliferation markers (Ki67).
  • Immunohistochemical analysis for nucleotide synthesizing enzymes (IMPDH, cytidine triphosphate synthetase) and lamin B1.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear rods were found in 71.1% of IDH-mutant lower-grade gliomas and 13.7% of IDH-wildtype glioblastomas (GBMs).
  • Presence of nuclear rods correlated with longer survival in younger GBM patients (≤65) and was inversely related to the Ki67 proliferation index.
  • Rods showed immunoreactivity for IMPDH and cytidine triphosphate synthetase, and rod-containing nuclei had reduced lamin B1, suggesting a link to senescence and nucleotide synthesis regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear rods are a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in adult diffuse gliomas.
  • Rods may regulate nucleotide-synthesizing enzymes via sequestration, influencing glioma behavior.
  • The SDL.3D10 antibody recognizes an unknown antigen in nuclear rods, not TUBB3.