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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

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Effect of feedback type on enhancing subsequent memory: Interaction with initial correctness and confidence level.

Lingwei Wang1, Jiongjiong Yang1

  • 1School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Psych Journal
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Feedback type significantly impacts memory recall and confidence. Providing correct/incorrect and answer feedback (CA-feedback) or answer feedback (A-feedback) improves memory but leads to faster forgetting, while correct/incorrect feedback (C-feedback) slows forgetting.

Keywords:
confidenceepisodic memoryfeedbackforgettingtesting effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Feedback is crucial for improving memory during retrieval practice.
  • Most prior research focused on answer feedback and memory accuracy, neglecting other feedback types and confidence levels.
  • The interplay between feedback type and initial memory characteristics (correctness, confidence) on long-term memory remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different feedback types (CA-feedback, A-feedback, C-feedback, no feedback) affect subsequent memory accuracy and confidence.
  • To examine the long-term effects of feedback on memory retention and forgetting.
  • To explore the interaction between initial memory features and feedback type in influencing memory outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Participants learned sentences and underwent cued-recall tests with confidence ratings.
  • Four feedback conditions were applied: correct/incorrect and answer (CA), answer only (A), correct/incorrect only (C), and no feedback.
  • Memory performance and confidence were assessed after retention intervals of 5 minutes, 1 day, and 7 days.

Main Results:

  • CA-feedback and A-feedback enhanced memory and confidence by correcting errors, but this effect diminished over time (5 min to 7 days).
  • CA-feedback showed better retention of corrected memories after 1 day compared to A-feedback.
  • C-feedback did not correct initial errors but slowed forgetting and decreased confidence in incorrect responses.

Conclusions:

  • Different feedback types influence memory and forgetting through distinct mechanisms.
  • Feedback type and initial memory characteristics interact to shape memory accuracy and confidence.
  • While answer-based feedback aids initial correction, its long-term memory benefits may be limited; correct/incorrect feedback offers a different pathway for memory modulation.