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Related Concept Videos

Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs01:23

Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

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Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
The primary methodologies used in behavior genetics include family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies, each providing unique...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
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Genetics, sex, and gender.

Chiara Reale1, Federica Invernizzi1, Celeste Panteghini1

  • 1Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milan, Italy.

Journal of Neuroscience Research
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex and gender significantly impact disease development, influencing health, aging, and drug responses. Understanding these differences is crucial for personalized medicine and tailored patient care.

Keywords:
gendergender medicinegeneticshuman healthsex

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sex and gender are distinct concepts often conflated, impacting health outcomes.
  • Biological sex relates to reproductive anatomy, while gender encompasses social identity and roles.
  • Both sex and gender influence various physiological and psychological aspects of human health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on how sex and gender influence disease development.
  • To highlight genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to sex-based health disparities.
  • To examine sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of genetic and epigenetic influences on disease.
  • Comparative study of clinical manifestations in neurological disorders.

Main Results:

  • Sex and gender affect brain health, aging, and pharmacokinetics.
  • Genetic factors, including X and Y chromosome gene expression and epigenetics, play a role in disease.
  • Clinical presentations of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and OCD show sex and gender variations.

Conclusions:

  • Sex and gender are critical determinants in disease development and clinical presentation.
  • Gender medicine is essential for advancing personalized healthcare.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay of sex and gender in health and disease.