Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Physicochemical and Chemical Properties of Drugs

478
A drug's physicochemical properties fundamentally influence its metabolism. For instance, a drug's molecular size and shape critically determine its interaction with enzymes and transporters — larger drugs may face difficulty reaching enzyme active sites, altering their metabolic pathways. The pKa of a drug, which establishes its ionization state, can impact its solubility and absorption, thereby influencing metabolism.
The drug's acidity or basicity is essential in...
478
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

35
Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
35
Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological

315
Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...
315
Drug Biotransformation: Overview01:28

Drug Biotransformation: Overview

1.8K
Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is a vital physiological process that chemically alters drugs, facilitating their elimination from the body and terminating their action. This process involves two main phases: phase I and phase II reactions. Phase I reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, introduce or unmask polar functional groups on the drug molecule, thereby increasing its water solubility. By enhancing water solubility, the drug becomes more hydrophilic...
1.8K
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Role of Transporters01:27

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Role of Transporters

118
A drug's nonlinear kinetics can be influenced by a diverse range of transporter proteins that serve as crucial players in drug distribution. These transporters, found within cells, can enhance or reduce local drug concentrations by facilitating the influx or efflux of drugs. For instance, the expression of xenobiotic transporters can be influenced by factors such as age and gender, potentially impacting the linearity of drug response.
Polymorphisms occurring in drug transporters can alter...
118
Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

4.0K
A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CYP1A2 and ADH1C contribute to abacavir aldehyde intermediate formation in the human liver.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals·2026
Same author

High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals Aptamer-Mediated Conformational Trapping of METTL3-METTL14 for m<sup>6</sup>A Inhibition.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

An in vitro approach to predict idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis using myeloperoxidase-derived reactive metabolites.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals·2026
Same author

Identification of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isoforms catalyzing hydroxyzine oxidation using recombinant human ADH: Serendipitous finding of potent ADH inhibition by organic solvents.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals·2026
Same author

Arylacetamide deacetylase attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation under ER stress conditions by regulating iron-dependent oxidative stress.

Toxicology and applied pharmacology·2026
Same author

Arylacetamide deacetylase deficiency potentiates ketoconazole-induced inhibition of triazolam metabolism in mice.

Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures
10:44

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Published on: March 28, 2017

10.0K

Non-P450 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Contribution to Drug Disposition, Toxicity, and Development.

Tatsuki Fukami1, Tsuyoshi Yokoi2, Miki Nakajima1

  • 1Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights non-cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, crucial for drug metabolism. Understanding these enzymes is vital for optimizing drug efficacy and minimizing adverse reactions in drug development.

Keywords:
drug developmenthydrolysisnon-P450 enzymesoxidationphase I metabolismreduction

More Related Videos

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
09:33

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Published on: March 20, 2018

14.0K
Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
11:06

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

Published on: January 31, 2022

4.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures
10:44

Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures

Published on: March 28, 2017

10.0K
Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling
09:33

Formation of Covalent DNA Adducts by Enzymatically Activated Carcinogens and Drugs In Vitro and Their Determination by 32P-postlabeling

Published on: March 20, 2018

14.0K
Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
11:06

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

Published on: January 31, 2022

4.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Metabolism
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Most clinically used drugs undergo phase I metabolism (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis).
  • Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are primary catalysts for drug oxidation, involved in over 50% of drug metabolism.
  • The characterization of non-P450 phase I enzymes remains incomplete despite their significant role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on non-P450 phase I enzymes.
  • To emphasize their importance in drug efficacy and adverse reactions.
  • To highlight their significance in drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on non-P450 phase I enzymes.
  • Synthesis of current understanding regarding their function and regulation.
  • Focus on their impact on drug efficacy and safety profiles.

Main Results:

  • Non-P450 enzymes account for approximately 30% of total drug metabolism.
  • These enzymes play a critical role in controlling drug efficacy.
  • They are also implicated in causing adverse drug reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Non-P450 phase I enzymes are essential components of drug metabolism.
  • Further research into these enzymes is crucial for effective drug development.
  • Understanding their roles can lead to improved therapeutic outcomes and patient safety.