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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Heterokaryon Technique for Analysis of Cell Type-specific Localization
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Nucleolar localization of c-Jun.

Tetsuaki Miyake1,2,3, John C McDermott1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.

The FEBS Journal
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The proto-oncogene c-Jun targets the nucleolus via a specific motif, impacting ribosomal RNA accumulation. Its nucleolar localization is regulated by dimerization partners, revealing a new role for Jun proteins.

Keywords:
AP-1Fra2c-Junnucleolar localization sequencenucleolus

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Nucleoli are crucial for ribosome biogenesis, but their proteome is largely uncharacterized.
  • The proto-oncogene c-Jun is a key component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nucleolar localization of c-Jun.
  • To identify the mechanisms regulating c-Jun's nucleolar targeting.
  • To explore the functional consequences of c-Jun nucleolar localization.

Main Methods:

  • Live cell imaging in myogenic cells.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis to alter c-Jun's Nucleolar Localization sequence (NoLS).
  • Analysis of c-Jun and Fra2 co-localization and stoichiometry.

Main Results:

  • c-Jun is targeted to the nucleolus through an evolutionarily conserved motif in its basic domain.
  • A specific point mutation (M260E) disrupts c-Jun nucleolar targeting while maintaining nuclear localization.
  • Fra2 sequesters c-Jun in the nucleoplasm, indicating that heterodimer stoichiometry regulates nucleolar targeting.
  • Nucleolar c-Jun influences nucleolar architecture and ribosomal RNA accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • c-Jun possesses a novel nucleolar function.
  • Jun family proteins play a previously unrecognized role in the nucleolus.
  • These findings have implications for AP-1-regulated cellular processes, including cancer.