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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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High-Voltage Polyanion Positive Electrode Materials.

¹Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 10, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores using iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) redox couples for high-voltage cathode materials in batteries, offering a safer and cheaper alternative to nickel and cobalt. Successful examples like Na2Fe2(SO4)3 and Na3Cr2(PO4)2F3 demonstrate their potential.

Keywords:

cathode high-voltage polyanion

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

High-voltage polyanion-positive electrode materials typically rely on nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), or vanadium (V) redox couples.
These traditional redox couples present challenges related to cost and toxicity.
There is a need for alternative, abundant, and less toxic elements for high-voltage cathode development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent efforts in utilizing iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) redox couples for high-voltage cathode materials.
To highlight the potential of Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cr4+/Cr3+ as alternatives to conventional redox couples.
To discuss strategies for maximizing voltage through specific material designs.

Main Methods:

Summarizing recent research on iron and chromium-based polyanion compounds.
Analyzing the electrochemical performance of alluaudite Na2Fe2(SO4)3 and Na3Cr2(PO4)2F3.
Investigating the role of Coulombic repulsion and electronic configurations in achieving high voltages.

Main Results:

Alluaudite Na2Fe2(SO4)3 achieves 3.8 V vs. sodium (4.1 V vs. lithium).
Na3Cr2(PO4)2F3 exhibits a high voltage of 4.7 V vs. sodium (5.0 V vs. lithium).
Maximizing Coulombic repulsion (ΔG) and utilizing the Cr4+/Cr3+ (3d2/3d3) configuration are key factors for high voltage.

Conclusions:

Iron and chromium redox couples offer a promising, less toxic, and cost-effective alternative for high-voltage cathode materials.
Specific structural and electronic properties are crucial for achieving high operating voltages.
Further exploration of novel high-voltage cathode materials based on these abundant elements is warranted.