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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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ZFP36L2 Role in Thyroid Functionality.

Francesco Albano1,2, Valeria Tucci2,3, Perry J Blackshear4,5

  • 1IEOS-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The protein ZFP36L2 regulates thyroid hormone production by controlling mRNA stability in thyroid cells. Loss of ZFP36L2 leads to hypothyroidism and impaired thyroid function.

Keywords:
NisNotch1RNA stabilityZfp36l2 KOapoptosishypothyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone synthesis is primarily regulated transcriptionally, with post-transcriptional control mechanisms less understood.
  • ZFP36L2 is a known regulator of mRNA degradation, but its role in thyroid function was unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ZFP36L2 in thyroid development and function.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which ZFP36L2 influences thyrocyte behavior.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo and in vitro gene targeting of ZFP36L2 in thyrocytes.
  • Measurement of thyroid hormone levels (T4, T3).
  • Analysis of thyroid-specific gene expression (Nis, Pax8, Nkx2.1), apoptosis, and signaling pathways (Notch1, Id4, P21/WAF1, p-P38MAPK).

Main Results:

  • Thyroid-specific Zfp36l2 knockout female mice exhibited hypothyroidism with reduced circulating T4 and T3 levels due to dyshormonogenesis.
  • ZFP36L2 deficiency led to decreased expression of thyroid-specific genes and increased apoptosis in thyrocytes.
  • Knockout thyrocytes showed altered responses to TSH stimulation, increased apoptosis, and dysregulated Notch1 and Id4 pathways.

Conclusions:

  • ZFP36L2 plays a crucial role in maintaining thyroid function and thyrocyte survival through post-transcriptional regulation of target mRNAs.
  • Regulation of mRNA stability by ZFP36L2 is a key mechanism controlling thyroid hormone homeostasis.