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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

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Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic...
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Potentiometry: Overview01:06

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Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as...
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
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Amperometry: Overview01:10

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Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
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Potentiometric Titration: Overview01:31

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Potentiometric titration is a quantitative analytical technique that determines the concentration of an analyte by measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes in the solution. The endpoint of a potentiometric titration is the point at which there is a significant change in the potential difference. It occurs when the stoichiometric reaction between the analyte and the titrant is complete. The endpoint is usually determined graphically by plotting the measured potential...
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Supramolecular Atropine Potentiometric Sensor.

Catarina Ferreira1, Andreia Palmeira2,3, Emília Sousa2,3

  • 1LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 10, 2021
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Summary

A new supramolecular atropine sensor utilizing cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) was developed. This reliable sensor aids in managing hospital drug shelf-life and reducing disposal costs.

Keywords:
atropinecucurbit[6]urilion-selective electrodespharmaceutical formulationspotentiometry

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Sensing Technology

Background:

  • Atropine is a critical hospital drug requiring accurate shelf-life management.
  • Existing methods for atropine quantification can be costly and time-consuming.
  • Development of novel, cost-effective sensors is essential for pharmaceutical quality control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel supramolecular sensor for atropine detection.
  • To characterize the sensor's performance and selectivity.
  • To validate the sensor for real-world applications in drug management.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a solid-contact electrode using a polymeric membrane incorporating cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) as the ionophore.
  • Potentiometric measurements in MES-NaOH buffer (pH 6) to evaluate sensor performance.
  • Selectivity assessment against various ions and excipients.
  • Validation using docking and spectroscopic studies, and t-Student test.

Main Results:

  • The atropine sensor exhibited a slope of (58.7 ± 0.6) mV/dec.
  • A practical detection limit of (6.30 ± 1.62) × 10-7 mol/L was achieved.
  • Docking and spectroscopic studies confirmed atropine-CB[6] interactions, validating sensor mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The developed supramolecular atropine sensor offers a reliable and sensitive method for drug monitoring.
  • This sensor can improve hospital drug shelf-life management and reduce remediation expenses.
  • The study highlights the potential of cucurbit[6]uril-based sensors in pharmaceutical analysis.