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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Experimental Study on High-Performers Quaternary Copolymer Based on Host-Guest Effect.

Tao Xu1, Jincheng Mao1, Yang Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.

Polymers
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A novel quaternary polymer, HGP, demonstrates excellent host-guest interactions for enhanced oilfield applications. This polymer exhibits superior solubility, salt tolerance, and rheological properties, making it ideal for fracturing and displacement fluids.

Keywords:
host–guest strategyhydrophobically associating water-soluble polymersrheological behaviorssalt toleranceβ-cyclodextrin

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Petroleum Engineering

Background:

  • Developing advanced polymers is crucial for optimizing oilfield operations.
  • Existing polymers often face limitations in harsh reservoir conditions, such as high temperature and salinity.
  • Host-guest interactions offer a promising strategy to enhance polymer performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel quaternary polymer (HGP) utilizing host-guest chemistry.
  • To evaluate the performance of HGP in simulated oilfield conditions, focusing on rheological properties and stability.
  • To assess the potential of HGP as a functional fluid in oilfield applications.

Main Methods:

  • Free-radical polymerization of acrylamide, acrylic acid, maleic anhydride functionalized β-cyclodextrin (MAH-β-CD), and N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-N, N-dimethylnaphthalen-1-aminium chloride (NAP).
  • Investigation of host-guest interactions at varying molar ratios, particularly focusing on a 1:1 ratio of NAP and cyclodextrin.
  • Evaluation of polymer solubility, salt tolerance, shear resistance, and viscoelasticity.
  • Rheological property assessment of HGP solutions at elevated temperatures (120 °C) simulating reservoir conditions.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized quaternary polymer (HGP) effectively utilizes host-guest interactions, with optimal performance at a 1:1 molar ratio of NAP and cyclodextrin.
  • HGP exhibits enhanced solubility compared to hydrophobically associative polymers.
  • The polymer demonstrates superior salt tolerance, shear resistance, and viscoelasticity due to the incorporated host-guest strategy.
  • HGP solutions display favorable rheological properties at 120 °C, mimicking formation water distribution in the Bohai SZ1-1 oilfield.

Conclusions:

  • The developed HGP polymer, leveraging host-guest chemistry, presents a significant advancement in functional fluid design for oilfield applications.
  • Its enhanced properties, including solubility, stability, and rheology under reservoir conditions, position it as a competitive candidate for fracturing, displacement, and drilling fluids.
  • The host-guest strategy provides a viable pathway for creating high-performance polymers tailored for demanding oil and gas extraction environments.