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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Global increase in tropical cyclone rain rate.

Oscar Guzman1, Haiyan Jiang2

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Tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall rates are increasing globally by 1.3% annually, driven by warmer environments. This trend is observed across all storm intensities, particularly in the Northwestern Pacific and North Atlantic basins.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Science
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Theoretical models predict increased tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in warmer climates.
  • Observational evidence for global TC rainfall trends remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate global trends in TC rainfall rates using observational data.
  • To test hypotheses regarding TC rainfall intensification in a changing climate.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a 19-year (1998-2016) dataset from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission.
  • Examination of trends in average TC rainfall rates and their spatial distribution.
  • Correlation analysis with environmental factors like sea surface temperature and precipitable water.

Main Results:

  • A significant increasing trend of approximately 1.3% per year in average TC rainfall rates was observed globally.
  • The increase is attributed to a decrease in inner-core rainfall offset by an increase in rainband rainfall.
  • The trend is more pronounced in the Northwestern Pacific and North Atlantic basins and consistent across all TC intensities.

Conclusions:

  • Observational data confirms that TC rainfall rates are increasing globally, supporting theoretical predictions.
  • Environmental factors such as rising sea surface temperatures and increased atmospheric moisture are associated with these trends.
  • The findings highlight the need for updated climate models and adaptation strategies for tropical cyclone impacts.