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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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A Protocol for Decellularizing Mouse Cochleae for Inner Ear Tissue Engineering
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Material Identification on Thin Shells Using the Virtual Fields Method, Demonstrated on the Human Eardrum.

Felipe S M Pires1, Stéphane Avril2, Pieter Livens1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study extends the virtual fields method (VFM) for analyzing thin curved shells, like the human eardrum. The enhanced VFM accurately identifies material properties using only outer surface data.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid mechanics
  • Computational mechanics
  • Biomaterials engineering

Background:

  • Material parameter characterization from experimental data is challenging, particularly for biological structures.
  • The virtual fields method (VFM) enables inverse determination of material properties but its application to complex shapes is underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the VFM framework for analyzing thin curved shells (shells).
  • To apply the extended VFM to determine the Young's modulus and hysteretic damping of the human eardrum.
  • To validate the method using simulated and experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • The virtual fields method (VFM) was extended to thin curved shells using Kirchhoff plate theory.
  • Shell behavior was modeled with linear variation through thickness, separating bending and membrane strains.
  • The VFM was applied using only outer surface displacement data.

Main Results:

  • The extended VFM accurately determined material properties (Young's modulus, hysteretic damping) of the human eardrum from outer surface data.
  • Identified properties align with existing literature values.
  • Both bending and membrane strains significantly contribute to the total strain in the human eardrum.

Conclusions:

  • The VFM is effectively extended for characterizing material properties of thin curved shells.
  • The method provides accurate material property estimation for the human eardrum using non-invasive surface measurements.
  • Understanding the interplay of bending and membrane strains is crucial for accurate eardrum biomechanical analysis.