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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
In a chromosome, DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called a histone octamer core, which consists of 8 histone proteins. This...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
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Deep structure of DNA for genomic analysis.

Max Garzon1, Sambriddhi Mainali1

  • 1The University of Memphis, Computer Science, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.

Human Molecular Genetics
|September 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel DNA hybridization model to analyze genomic data, improving accuracy in disease diagnostics and pathogen identification. The approach enhances biological insights by focusing on DNA biochemistry for reliable genomic analysis.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Post-microarray era bioinformatics tools mine genomic data but often overlook DNA hybridization's biochemical role.
  • Understanding DNA hybridization is crucial for macro-level biological property determination and disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of DNA hybridization in biological organisms and its application to human disease.
  • To develop a metric model of oligonucleotides to reveal structural properties of DNA hybridization landscapes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a metric model for oligonucleotides, revealing structural properties of DNA hybridization landscapes.
  • Utilized noncrosshybridizing (nxh) bases for sequence reduction into informative features with low Shannon Entropy.
  • Applied machine learning (ML) models to analyze genomic data from bacterial and fungal genomes.

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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated high-quality information extraction with minimized hybridization uncertainty, addressing standard microarray irreproducibility.
  • Achieved high sensitivity and specificity in SNP classification (~77%/92%) and pathogen identification (~100%/100%) for combined taxa.
  • Successfully analyzed over 264 coding sequences in bacterial and fungal genomes.

Conclusions:

  • The novel DNA hybridization model offers solutions to challenging problems in human disease and pathogen identification.
  • This approach enhances the reliability and reproducibility of genomic analyses.
  • The methods are applicable to various genomic research questions, advancing biological insights.