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Related Concept Videos

Role of Amygdala in Memory01:16

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The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure responsible for processing and storing memories, particularly those linked to emotions like fear and stress. It plays an essential role in the brain's response to emotionally significant events and often enhances memory formation by triggering stress hormone release. The amygdala is vital for encoding and retrieving memories associated with fear or stress, a process that is adaptive by helping organisms avoid dangerous situations.
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Related Experiment Video

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Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
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Extended amygdala, conditioned withdrawal and memory consolidation.

Nana Baidoo1, Francesco Leri1

  • 1Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
|September 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Environmental cues trigger opioid withdrawal through classical conditioning. This conditioned withdrawal may enhance memory consolidation, potentially perpetuating the addiction cycle via the extended amygdala neurocircuitry.

Keywords:
Conditioned withdrawalExtended amygdalaMemory consolidationOpioid addictionOpioid withdrawalOpioids

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Research
  • Behavioral Psychology

Background:

  • Opioid withdrawal is classically conditioned to environmental cues.
  • Conditioned withdrawal may contribute to memory storage and perpetuate the addiction cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking conditioned withdrawal to memory consolidation.
  • To explore the role of the extended amygdala in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on classical conditioning, opioid withdrawal, and memory.
  • Analysis of neurocircuitry involved in conditioned responses and memory consolidation.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports conditioned withdrawal facilitating memory consolidation.
  • The extended amygdala (central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens shell) is implicated.

Conclusions:

  • The extended amygdala mediates conditioned withdrawal and memory consolidation.
  • This neurocircuitry may promote habitual drug-seeking behavior, perpetuating addiction.