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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

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Towards Understanding COVID-19: Molecular Insights, Co-infections, Associated Disorders, and Aging

Elena L Paley1

  • 1Expert BioMed, Inc. and Nonprofit Public Charity Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami-Dade, FL, USA.

Journal of Alzheimer'S Disease Reports
|September 13, 2021
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

COVID-19 infections may involve microbial co-infections and metabolites, potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Altered protein biosynthesis and gut bacteria metabolism in COVID-19 patients suggest links to neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • COVID-19 can be linked to microbial infections and their metabolites, contributing to severe conditions like necrotizing pneumonia.
  • Microbial metabolites, such as tryptamine from tryptophan, can induce neurodegeneration and necrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between COVID-19 spread and ecological/social factors.
  • To analyze the autoantigenome and serum metabolomics in COVID-19 patients.
  • To explore potential links between COVID-19, microbial metabolism, and neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of COVID-19 positivity rates by zip code in Florida.
  • Evaluation of population density, ecological, and social factors.
  • Autopsy analysis, serum metabolomics, and autoantigenome evaluation of COVID-19 cases.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 positivity varied significantly across Florida zip codes (4.65%–44.3%).
  • COVID-19 autoantigenome shows alterations in protein biosynthesis, similar to Alzheimer's disease.
  • Serum metabolomics revealed alterations in the shikimate pathway linked to Alzheimer's-associated gut bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Alterations in microbial metabolism and protein biosynthesis in COVID-19 can cause toxicity and neurodegeneration.
  • Findings suggest a potential link between COVID-19, microbial dysbiosis, and neurological disease development.
Keywords:
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasesCOVID-19biogenic aminesco-infectionsmicrobial metabolismnecrotizing factorprotein biosynthesisshikimate pathwaytryptaminetryptophan metabolism

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