Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

73
IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
73
Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

3.0K
The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...
3.0K
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

105
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
105
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

2.3K
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
2.3K
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

84
Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
84
Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

3.0K
Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
The four primary types of muscle based on fascicle arrangement are:
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Risk-based pathology reporting after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastrointestinal cancer: international consensus standards.

Gut·2026
Same author

Heparanase inhibition prevents glycocalyx damage and albuminuria in experimental minimal change disease.

Clinical and translational medicine·2026
Same author

Nationwide quality indicator survey on the current practice of esophageal cancer management in Japan: report from the guideline committee for the 6th edition of the Japanese Esophageal Cancer Practice Guidelines.

Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society·2026
Same author

Interobserver agreement in measuring submucosal invasion depth in pT1b-SM esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: practical implications for post-endoscopic resection treatment decision.

Diseases of the esophagus : official journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus·2026
Same author

Correction: Predictors of lymph node metastases, recurrence, and survival in patients with pedunculated-type T1 colorectal cancer.

Journal of gastroenterology·2026
Same author

Long-term outcome after endoscopic resection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading muscularis mucosa without lymphovascular invasion: a multicenter retrospective study.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
09:43

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

Published on: May 25, 2015

17.8K

Synbindin Downregulation Participates in Slit Diaphragm Dysfunction.

Veniamin Ivanov1, Yoshiyasu Fukusumi1, Ying Zhang1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.

American Journal of Nephrology
|September 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Synbindin, a protein in glomeruli, is downregulated in nephrotic syndrome. Its reduction indicates early podocyte injury and slit diaphragm dysfunction, making it a potential early diagnostic marker.

Keywords:
NephrinPodocyteSlit diaphragmSynaptic vesicle-associated protein 2BSynbindin

More Related Videos

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality
10:40

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Published on: August 6, 2017

18.3K
Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Capture 4-Dimensional Images of the Effects of Modulating Shear Stress on the Developing Zebrafish Heart
06:51

Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Capture 4-Dimensional Images of the Effects of Modulating Shear Stress on the Developing Zebrafish Heart

Published on: August 10, 2018

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
09:43

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

Published on: May 25, 2015

17.8K
Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality
10:40

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Published on: August 6, 2017

18.3K
Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Capture 4-Dimensional Images of the Effects of Modulating Shear Stress on the Developing Zebrafish Heart
06:51

Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy to Capture 4-Dimensional Images of the Effects of Modulating Shear Stress on the Developing Zebrafish Heart

Published on: August 10, 2018

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Synbindin, initially identified in neurons, is also present in renal glomeruli.
  • Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy, a model for minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, shows reduced synbindin mRNA expression in glomeruli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate synbindin expression and function in podocytes during nephrotic conditions.
  • To determine if synbindin can serve as an early biomarker for podocyte injury.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to analyze synbindin expression in rat models of nephrotic syndrome.
  • Gene silencing using siRNA in cultured human podocytes was performed to elucidate synbindin's function.

Main Results:

  • Synbindin is localized to the slit diaphragm area of podocytes.
  • Decreased synbindin mRNA and altered protein staining were observed early in nephrotic models, preceding proteinuria.
  • Synbindin knockdown in podocytes led to cellular shape changes, altered actin structure, reduced ephrin-B1, and increased SV2B expression.

Conclusions:

  • Synbindin plays a role in maintaining podocyte foot processes and slit diaphragm integrity.
  • Downregulation of synbindin contributes to slit diaphragm dysfunction in nephrotic syndrome.
  • Synbindin serves as a potential early marker for detecting podocyte injury.