Search research articles

Related Concept Videos

Hydraulic Jump

Hydraulic Jump

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.

Shock Waves

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Spaceborne Cloud and Precipitation Radars: Status, Challenges, and Ways Forward.

Reviews of geophysics (Washington, D.C. : 1985)·2020

See all related articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

Hydraulic jump dynamics above supercell thunderstorms.

Morgan E O'Neill¹, Leigh Orf^2,3, Gerald M Heymsfield^3,4

¹Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|September 13, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Strongest thunderstorms create above-anvil cirrus plumes (AACP) by acting like mountains, injecting significant water vapor into the stratosphere. This process impacts ozone and climate.

More Related Videos

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

Published on: January 10, 2017

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Published on: April 17, 2015

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

Published on: January 10, 2017

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Atmospheric Science
Meteorology
Climate Science

Background:

Above-anvil cirrus plumes (AACP) are linked to strong supercell thunderstorms.
The stratospheric hydration from AACP has an unclear role in ozone depletion and global warming.
Understanding AACP formation is crucial for climate modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the physical mechanisms behind above-anvil cirrus plume generation.
To quantify the potential for stratospheric water vapor injection by supercells.

Main Methods:

Utilized large eddy simulations to model AACP formation.
Corroborated simulation results with radar observations.
Analyzed the interaction between overshooting convection and stratospheric flow.

Main Results:

The overshooting top of a supercell acts as a topographic obstacle.
A hydraulic jump forms at the tropopause, analogous to mountain-induced windstorms.
Simulated water vapor injection into the stratosphere can exceed 7 tonnes per second.

Conclusions:

The study elucidates the mechanism of AACP generation via a tropopause hydraulic jump.
Supercell thunderstorms can significantly hydrate the lower stratosphere.
Findings highlight a key process impacting stratospheric chemistry and climate.