Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

6.3K
Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
6.3K
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

338
Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
338
Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

55.5K
During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
55.5K
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

36.1K
DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
36.1K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

12.4K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
12.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

C-glycoside synthesis via radical cross-coupling of glycohydrazides.

Nature·2026
Same author

Stereoretentive radical-based alkyl-alkyl cross-coupling.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Enabling Access to sp<sup>3</sup>-Enriched Targeted Protein Degraders via Redox-Neutral Radical Cross-Coupling.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Arylhydrazines: Convenient Homogeneous Reductants for Scalable Cross-Coupling.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

High Charge Carrier Mobility in Non-Conjugated 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Solvent-Controlled Chemoselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2,8'-Bisquinoline Derivatives.

Organic letters·2026
Same journal

Erratum for the Research Article "Detecting supramolecular organic nanoparticles during heat wave".

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Local signals, systemic decline.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

The mechanics of liver regeneration.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Computing in a memory with physics.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Retraction.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same journal

Making time.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
11:37

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

19.3K

A P(V) platform for oligonucleotide synthesis.

Yazhong Huang1,2, Kyle W Knouse3,2, Shenjie Qiu2,4

  • 1Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new P(V)-based platform for creating diverse modified phosphate linkages in therapeutic oligonucleotides. This flexible method simplifies the synthesis of gene-based therapies, improving accessibility and properties.

More Related Videos

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

4.4K
Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
11:37

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

19.3K
DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

4.4K
Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.7K

Area of Science:

  • Oligonucleotide Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Therapeutic oligonucleotides often contain modified phosphate linkages for improved biological and physical properties.
  • Current synthesis methods, like phosphoramidite chemistry, can be challenging for accessing diverse modified linkages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible and efficient platform for synthesizing various phosphate linkages in oligonucleotides.
  • To enable the facile installation of diverse linkages, including thiophosphates, phosphodiesters, and phosphorodithioates.

Main Methods:

  • A novel P(V)-based chemical platform was employed for oligonucleotide synthesis.
  • Readily accessible reagents and a standardized coupling protocol were utilized.
  • The platform accommodates stereodefined or racemic thiophosphates (PS) alongside native phosphodiester (PO2) and phosphorodithioate (PS2) linkages.

Main Results:

  • The P(V)-based platform demonstrated flexibility in installing a wide array of phosphate linkages.
  • The method successfully synthesized DNA and other modified nucleotide polymers with diverse linkages.
  • Sustainably prepared, stable P(V) reagents were used under a standardized protocol.

Conclusions:

  • The developed P(V)-based platform offers an efficient and versatile approach to oligonucleotide synthesis.
  • This method facilitates the creation of diverse modified phosphate linkages crucial for advancing gene-based therapies.
  • The platform simplifies access to complex oligonucleotide structures, potentially accelerating therapeutic development.