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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

CRISPR Epigenome Editing in Human Cells using Plasmid DNA Transfection and mRNA Nucleofection Delivery
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CRISPR mediated genome editing, a tool to dissect RNA modification processes.

Ethan S Pickerill1, Douglas A Bernstein1

  • 1Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|September 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR genome editing offers a powerful method to study RNA modifications in Candida albicans. This approach helps uncover the in vivo functions of these modifications and the effects of their absence.

Keywords:
CRISPRCas9Genome editingHomologous recombinationPAM siteRNA modification

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Over 100 RNA modifications are known, but their in vivo functions are largely uncharacterized.
  • Understanding RNA modification roles is crucial for deciphering gene regulation and cellular processes.
  • Genome editing tools are emerging as key methods to investigate these unknown functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the application of CRISPR-mediated genome editing for studying RNA modification in Candida albicans.
  • To provide adaptable protocols for interrogating RNA modification processes.
  • To highlight the broader applicability of these methods across different model systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to create targeted modifications or deletions in C. albicans.
  • Adapting established CRISPR protocols for specific experimental needs in RNA modification research.
  • Leveraging advancements in CRISPR technology for enhanced genomic targeting.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of using CRISPR for RNA modification studies in C. albicans.
  • Provided a framework for investigating the functional consequences of RNA modification absence.
  • Showcased the adaptability of CRISPR tools for diverse research questions.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-mediated genome editing is a practical and versatile methodology for investigating RNA modification in vivo.
  • Advancements in CRISPR systems expand the scope and efficiency of such studies.
  • This approach facilitates a deeper understanding of the biological significance of RNA modifications.