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Related Concept Videos

Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Pattern-based Search of Epigenomic Data Using GeNemo
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Functional human genes typically exhibit epigenetic conservation.

Daniel Rud1, Paul Marjoram1, Kimberly Siegmund1

  • 1Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Essential gene identification using DNA methylation reveals epigenetic conservation in human cells. This epigenetic drift over time highlights genes critical for cell survival and drug sensitivity.

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An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • DepMap CRISPR-Cas9 screens identify essential genes for cell proliferation.
  • Translating these findings to human tissues requires practical measurement methods.
  • DNA methylation is a key epigenetic marker influencing gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate epigenetic conservation of essential genes in human tissues.
  • To correlate epigenetic changes with gene function and drug sensitivity.
  • To develop a method for identifying essential genes using epigenetic measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Comparing DNA methylation patterns in replicate cell lines and human intestinal crypts.
  • Analyzing epigenetic drift over time in cell culture experiments.
  • Correlating gene conservation with drug sensitivity in NCI-60 cell lines.

Main Results:

  • DepMap essential genes and other functional genes show cell-specific preferential epigenetic conservation.
  • Epigenetic drift accumulates over time, with smaller differences in more functional genes.
  • Greater targeted gene conservation in NCI-60 cell lines correlates with increased drug sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation measurements can identify essential genes in human cells.
  • Epigenetic conservation patterns reflect gene essentiality for cell survival.
  • This approach offers a practical method for in vitro and in vivo essential gene identification.