Particle release from refit operations in shipyards: Exposure, toxicity and environmental implications.

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Occupational Health
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• European harbours contribute to air quality degradation, with ship refit and repair activities being significant aerosol sources.
• Abrasive removal of coatings and spray painting are key activities during ship maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions from ship maintenance.
• To investigate links between UFPs, human exposure, toxicity, and environmental risks.

Main Methods:

• Aerosol emissions were monitored during mechanical abrasion of surface coatings in a real-world harbour setting.
• Characterization of UFP types, number concentrations, and chemical composition (PM4 aerosols).
• In vitro toxicity assessment of PM2 aerosols.

Main Results:

• Observed UFPs included engineered nanoparticles (Ti-, Zr-, Fe-based) and irregular incidental particles.
• Particle number concentrations reached up to 5 × 10^5/cm³, with mean diameters <30 nm.
• PM4 aerosols were dominated by metallic tracers; PM2 aerosols showed moderate cytotoxic effects in vitro.

Conclusions:

• Ship maintenance activities emit hazardous UFPs, including metallic engineered nanoparticles.
• Existing safety measures may not fully prevent exposure and environmental release.
• Comprehensive health and safety protocols are crucial to minimize risks to humans and aquatic ecosystems.