Sleep Patterns and Their Association with Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Young Saudi Females

Disturbed sleep patterns might alter the autonomic tone and lead to various cardiovascular morbidities. This study aimed to determine sleep patterns (quality, duration, efficiency and daytime sleepiness) and explore their association with blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in apparently healthy, young Saudi females.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia between March 2019 and December 2019. Self-reported Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires were used to collect data. In addition, the participants' BP and HRV was measured. Based on the cut-off values of sleep quality, duration, efficiency and daytime sleepiness scores, participants were categorised into groups. HRV and BP were compared between the groups by a t-test/one-way ANOVA.

A total of 98 participants were included in this study (response rate: 72.6%). Poor sleep patterns (quality, duration and efficiency) were observed, but no association was found with BP and HRV parameters among groups with different sleep quality, duration and efficiency. Systolic BP was significantly increased in the moderate to severe daytime sleepiness group (P = 0.039). Dozing off as a passenger in a car, in the afternoon and after lunch were negatively correlated with HRV parameters (P <0.05).

Sleep quality, duration and efficiency were not found to be statistically significant, but various dozing-off situations were associated with fluctuations in HRV parameters. Daytime sleepiness may augment sympathetic responses in apparently healthy female participants.