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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Thermoresponsive Polymers Based on Tertiary Amine Moieties.

Bo Pang1, Yuewen Yu1, Wangqing Zhang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|September 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Thermoresponsive polymers with tertiary amine groups show reversible phase transitions. Their behavior is tunable by pH and CO2, making them versatile for various applications.

Keywords:
LCSTUCSTphase transitionstertiary aminesthermoresponsive polymers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Thermoresponsive polymers exhibit reversible phase transitions in response to temperature.
  • Tertiary amine-based polymers have advanced significantly in the last two decades.
  • These polymers include functionalized poly((meth)acrylamide)s, poly((meth)acrylate)s, poly(styrene)s, poly(vinyl alcohol)s, and poly(ethylene oxide)s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in thermoresponsive polymers containing tertiary amine moieties.
  • To highlight the synthesis and properties of these polymers.
  • To discuss their tunable phase transition behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thermoresponsive polymers based on tertiary amine moieties.
  • Analysis of phase transition mechanisms (LCST and UCST).
  • Investigation of stimuli-responsive properties (pH and CO2).

Main Results:

  • Tertiary amine-based polymers demonstrate tunable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST).
  • Phase transition is modulated by pH through protonation/deprotonation of amine groups.
  • CO2 interaction leads to the formation of charged ammonium bicarbonate, further influencing phase behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Thermoresponsive polymers with tertiary amine moieties are a significant class of smart materials.
  • Their stimuli-responsive nature offers potential for advanced applications.
  • Further research continues to expand their utility in various fields.