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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
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Olfactory Entry Promotes Herpesvirus Recombination.

Wanxiaojie Xie1, Kimberley Bruce1, Helen E Farrell1,2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queenslandgrid.1003.2, Brisbane, Australia.

Journal of Virology
|September 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpesviruses entering the nose can recombine to repair mutations and reach normal viral loads. This natural olfactory route facilitates genetic diversity for herpesviruses, unlike lung infections.

Keywords:
herpesviruseshost entryolfactoryrecombination

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Herpesvirus genomes exhibit frequent recombination, but its functional significance remains unclear.
  • A critical question is whether recombination enables viruses to overcome host immunity and increase viral loads.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional importance of herpesvirus recombination, particularly in the context of host immune response.
  • To determine if recombinant herpesviruses can achieve higher viral loads compared to parental strains.

Main Methods:

  • Coinfection of mice with attenuated herpesvirus mutants (murid herpesvirus 4 and murine cytomegalovirus).
  • Infection via natural olfactory route versus lung inoculation to assess route-specific recombination.
  • Rescue of replication-deficient mutants to pinpoint the site of recombination.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory infection routinely allowed reconstitution of wild-type genotypes and normal viral loads.
  • Lung coinfections showed significantly less viral rescue.
  • Recombination occurred primarily in the initial olfactory cells encountered, facilitated by mucus and ciliary action.

Conclusions:

  • The olfactory route concentrates incoming herpesviruses, promoting functionally significant recombination.
  • Natural host entry via the nose provides a mechanism for herpesviruses to repair mutations and restore viral fitness.
  • This route-specific recombination capacity is crucial for herpesvirus genetic optimization and adaptation.