Lithium and sodium intercalation in a 2D NbSe₂ bilayer-stacked homostructure: comparative study of ionic adsorption...

In this work, we probed the lithium and sodium intercalation properties in monolayer-stacked NbSe₂ bilayer homostructure configurations for their potential application as anode materials in lithium and sodium ion batteries. Similar to known monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, such as VS₂, the structural phase transition barrier of NbSe₂ from 1H to 1T is strengthened by lithium and sodium adsorption, implying that it is robust under multiple charging and discharging processes. As multi-layer, stacked 2D materials are more relevant to experiments and their intended applications, four bilayer homostructure stackings were constructed based on the alignment of Nb and Se. All four bilayer homostructure stackings were found to significantly enhance the binding of lithium and sodium at the van der Waals interface, and thus potentially increase the theoretical specific energy capacity of NbSe₂via bilayer stacking. In terms of ionic diffusion, it is observed that for all of the bilayer homostructure configurations the diffusion energy barrier for lithium and sodium generally increased compared to the monolayer case. The nature of the stacking appears to affect the diffusion energy barrier with a value of as high as 1.94 eV in the case of sodium for the AB full stacking (compared to 0.08 eV for the monolayer). It is inferred that although the bilayer homostructure stacking of NbSe₂ could significantly increase the theoretical specific energy capacity for both lithium and sodium, its drawback is the slowing down of the ion kinetics at the van der Waals interface, which are also important in the charging and discharging processes of a battery system.