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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Searching for a technology-driven acute rheumatic fever test: the START study protocol.

Anna P Ralph1,2, Rachel Webb3,4,5, Nicole J Moreland6

  • 1Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia anna.ralph@menzies.edu.au.

BMJ Open
|September 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new study aims to find a diagnostic biomarker signature for acute rheumatic fever (ARF), a condition lacking a test. This research could transform ARF diagnosis and prevent rheumatic heart disease (RHD).

Keywords:
diagnostic microbiologyimmunologypaediatric rheumatologyvalvular heart disease

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Area of Science:

  • Biomarker discovery
  • Systems biology
  • Serology

Background:

  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) lacks a diagnostic test, hindering management.
  • ARF, triggered by group A Streptococcus, precedes rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
  • RHD disproportionately affects Indigenous populations, causing significant health inequity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover and validate a biomarker signature for diagnosing ARF.
  • To utilize systems biology and serology for understanding ARF pathogenesis.
  • To develop a diagnostic tool to aid in RHD prevention.

Main Methods:

  • The START study recruits ARF patients (aged 5-30) and controls from Australia and New Zealand.
  • Blood samples are analyzed using comprehensive profiling to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers.
  • A validation cohort will test promising biomarker combinations to distinguish ARF from other conditions.

Main Results:

  • The study aims to define the first biomarker signatures capable of discriminating between ARF and other clinical conditions.
  • Biomarker discovery and validation are central to the study's methodology.
  • The research will generate insights into ARF pathogenesis through systems biology and serology.

Conclusions:

  • The START study has the potential to revolutionize ARF diagnosis.
  • Developing a diagnostic test for ARF could significantly improve RHD prevention strategies.
  • This research addresses a critical gap in managing ARF and preventing RHD, particularly in vulnerable populations.