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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Transcription01:10

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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
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Epigenome plasticity in plants.

James P B Lloyd1, Ryan Lister2

  • 1Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

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Plant epigenome plasticity allows cells to adapt to internal and external cues, creating a memory of events. Advances in technology enable detailed characterization and functional interrogation of this crucial plant variation.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The plant epigenome, involving DNA and chromatin modifications, influences genome structure and activity without altering DNA sequence.
  • This epigenome is plastic, responding to developmental and environmental cues to form a cellular memory.
  • Technological progress is enhancing the study of plant epigenome variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epigenome dynamics and variation within and between plants.
  • To explore the functions of epigenomic plasticity in response to development and environmental changes, including stress.
  • To highlight the importance of investigating the causality of epigenomic changes and discuss future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on plant epigenetics and epigenome dynamics.
  • Analysis of technological advancements in epigenomic research.
  • Discussion of functional studies and causality investigations.

Main Results:

  • Plant epigenome variation occurs both within and between individuals.
  • Epigenomic plasticity serves as a mechanism for adaptation and memory in response to internal and external cues.
  • Emerging technologies are crucial for future research in plant epigenome plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding plant epigenome plasticity is key to comprehending plant adaptation and variation.
  • Further research into the causality of epigenomic changes is essential.
  • Technological innovation will drive future discoveries in plant epigenetics.