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Related Concept Videos

Mate Choice01:20

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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike Lanius Ludovicianus Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern
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Sex and morph differences in age-dependent trait changes in a polymorphic songbird.

Kristal E Cain1,2, Simon C Griffith3, Loeske E B Kruuk1

  • 1Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|September 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Animal aging varies within populations, with sex and color influencing trait changes over time. Social signaling traits show sex-specific patterns, while size traits differ subtly between color morphs in Gouldian finches.

Keywords:
birdsevolution of ageinglife history evolutionsexual selection & conflictstrade-offs

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary biology
  • * Gerontology
  • * Animal behavior

Background:

  • * Aging exhibits significant variation across species and populations.
  • * Within-population aging patterns, considering individual types (sex, morphs) and trait types (social signaling, size), are less understood.
  • * Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae) present a model system due to their genetic color morphs and social monogamy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate age-related trait expression changes within a Gouldian finch population.
  • * To contrast aging patterns of social signaling versus size-related traits.
  • * To examine differences in aging patterns between sexes and color morphs.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized 6 years of longitudinal data from a captive Gouldian finch population.
  • * Employed a mixed-effects model to analyze within- and between-individual variation.
  • * Contrasted aging patterns for social signaling and size traits across sexes and two color morphs.

Main Results:

  • * Social signaling traits exhibited sex-specific aging: quadratic changes in males, no age change in females.
  • * Size traits showed no sex-specific aging patterns but subtle morph differences (black morphs stable/increasing, red morphs declining).
  • * A significant sex-by-morph interaction was observed for headband width, a key social signal.

Conclusions:

  • * Within-individual analyses are crucial for understanding diverse aging patterns across sexes and morphs.
  • * Aging patterns differ significantly based on trait type and individual characteristics.
  • * Further research is needed on trait-specific aging under varying selective pressures.