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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that...
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Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles01:21

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Pharmacodynamics is a scientific field that delves into drugs' intricate biochemical, cellular, and physiological effects on the human body. The study of pharmacodynamics helps us understand how drugs interact with the body and elicit various responses.
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics01:19

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Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed.
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Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Enzymatic Modification and Flow Cytometry Assessment of Yeast Surface Displayed Proteins
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THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: Enzymes.

Stephen Ph Alexander1, Doriano Fabbro2, Eamonn Kelly3

  • 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.

British Journal of Pharmacology
|September 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2021/22 offers a comprehensive overview of nearly 1900 human drug targets, including enzymes and receptors. This biennial publication provides a citable record of pharmacological tools and nomenclature, updated to mid-2021.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Biomedical Sciences

Background:

  • The Concise Guide to Pharmacology is a biennial publication series.
  • It serves as a critical resource for understanding human drug targets and their properties.
  • The 2021/22 edition is the fifth in this series.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide concise overviews of nearly 1900 human drug targets.
  • To emphasize selective pharmacology and link to the open-access knowledgebase (www.guidetopharmacology.org).
  • To offer a permanent, citable, point-in-time record of pharmacological information.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of key properties of human drug targets, primarily in tabular format.
  • Inclusion of information on selective pharmacology where available.
  • Integration of links to the comprehensive online knowledgebase for detailed target and ligand properties.

Main Results:

  • Presents overviews of approximately 1900 human drug targets, divided into six major categories: G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, transporters, and enzymes.
  • Provides nomenclature guidance, summary information on pharmacological tools, key references, and suggestions for further reading.
  • Offers a landscape format for easy comparison of related targets, superseding previous editions.

Conclusions:

  • The Concise Guide to Pharmacology 2021/22 is an essential, up-to-date reference for researchers and clinicians.
  • It ensures access to standardized nomenclature and information on drug targets and pharmacological tools.
  • The guide, in conjunction with its online counterpart, facilitates efficient drug discovery and development.