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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

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Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

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Published on: February 8, 2022

Outlet Ventricular Septal Defect in an Elderly Male.

Gaurav K Sharma¹, Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir², Daniela Kovacs¹

¹Cardiology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, USA.

|September 17, 2021

Summary

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a common heart anomaly. In rare cases, outlet VSD can cause aortic insufficiency, necessitating closure regardless of VSD size.

Keywords:

adult aortic valve insufficiency congenital heart defects hemodynamics ventricular septal defects

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pediatric Cardiology
Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart anomaly in children and the second most common in adults.
Hemodynamic compromise in VSD results from abnormal communication between the ventricles, causing shunt formation.
While most small VSDs close spontaneously in infancy, some persist into adulthood.

Observation:

This case report details an adult patient with an outlet VSD.
The VSD led to secondary aortic insufficiency due to aortic valve leaflet prolapse.
Specifically, the prolapse affected the right coronary cusp (RCC) while sparing the left coronary cusp.

Findings:

Outlet VSD can cause aortic valve leaflet prolapse.
Prolapse of the right coronary cusp (RCC) is a significant finding in outlet VSD.
This prolapse can lead to permanent aortic insufficiency.

Implications:

Closure of outlet VSD is indicated when associated with aortic insufficiency, irrespective of the VSD size.
Early recognition and intervention for outlet VSD with RCC prolapse are crucial to prevent irreversible aortic valve damage.
This case highlights the importance of echocardiographic evaluation for aortic valve function in patients with VSD.