Development of a Three-Dimensionally Printed Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Phantom

Introduction Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter (US-PIVC) placement is an effective technique to establish PIV access when the traditional approach fails. Many training programs utilize commercial or homemade phantoms for procedural training. However, commercial products tend to be expensive and lack realism, while homemade blocks tend to be single-use and degrade easily. Thanks to the increasing availability of three-dimensional (3D) printers in academic settings, we sought to design and develop a reusable 3D-printed US-PIVC phantom and to evaluate its utility in terms of time needed to achieve IV placement and perceived realism compared to a commercial model among a group of emergency medicine (EM) physicians. Methods The upper extremity vascular phantom was constructed using 3D printing and casting techniques. A convenience sampling of EM physicians was timed by placing a US-PIVC in the 3D-printed and commercial models. Participants were also surveyed to assess their impression of the realism of the models. The primary outcome was the time required for US-PIVC placement in the 3D-printed model compared to the commercial model. Secondary outcomes were the assessment of differences in perceived realism and total cost between the two models. Results Twenty-one EM physicians completed the study. There were no significant differences in the mean time (seconds) for US-PIVC placement in the 3D-printed model (31, SD: 21) compared to the commercial model (30, SD: 18), p=0.77. Mean realism score trended higher for the 3D-printed model (3.6, SD: 0.9) compared to the commercial model (3.1, SD: 1.0), p=0.10. The total cost for the 3D-printed model was $120, with the interchangeable replacement part costing $21, which was much cheaper compared to the commercial phantom, which cost $549. Conclusion We developed a 3D-printed reusable US-PIVC phantom, and it proved to be more economical without sacrificing the realism and time required for US-PIVC placement when compared to a commercial phantom.