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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation
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Extracellular vesicles synchronize cellular phenotypes of differentiating cells.

Tomohiro Minakawa1, Tetsuya Matoba2, Fumiyoshi Ishidate3

  • 1Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Centre for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
|September 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cells synchronize differentiation through extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study reveals that EVs containing miR-132 mediate this

Keywords:
differentiationembryosmiR-132nanoparticlesstem cellssynchronization

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Embryonic development involves coordinated cell differentiation.
  • Mechanisms regulating cell differentiation synchrony are poorly understood.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate mechanisms of differentiation synchrony.
  • Characterize a novel form of cell-cell communication.
  • Identify key molecules involved in phenotypic synchrony.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture of control and PKA-activated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • Analysis of differentiation stages and cellular phenotypes.
  • EV isolation and characterization, including miRNA content.
  • Treatment with artificial nano-vesicles containing miR-132.

Main Results:

  • Co-cultured ESCs exhibited synchronized differentiation (Phenotypic Synchrony of Cells, PSyC).
  • PSyC was mediated by EVs released from activated cells.
  • EVs containing miR-132 were crucial for mediating PSyC.
  • miR-132 EVs enhanced mesoderm and cardiomyocyte differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic Synchrony of Cells (PSyC) is a novel EV-mediated communication.
  • EVs containing miR-132 regulate differentiation synchrony.
  • This mechanism may play a broad role in tissue development and homeostasis.