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Solution Concentration and Dilution

Solution Concentration and Dilution

The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Standard Solutions

Standard Solutions

Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...

Solution Formation

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

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Published on: January 7, 2019

A two-stage solution.

Fabien Guegan¹, Luisa Figueiredo¹

¹Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal.

|September 17, 2021

Summary

African sleeping sickness transmission from mammals to tsetse flies occurs in two lifecycle stages, not one. This finding impacts our understanding of parasite transmission dynamics and disease control strategies.

Area of Science:

Parasitology
Vector-borne diseases
Tropical medicine

Background:

African sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease.
The tsetse fly is the vector for the Trypanosoma parasite.
Current understanding suggests a single transmission stage.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the transmission stages of the African sleeping sickness parasite.
To clarify the parasite's lifecycle within the tsetse fly vector.
To update the understanding of parasite transmission dynamics.

Main Methods:

Parasitological examination of tsetse flies.
Lifecycle analysis of the Trypanosoma parasite.
Mammalian host-parasite interaction studies.

Keywords:

development infectious disease life cycle microbiology sleeping sickness transmission trypanosoma tsetse fly

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Main Results:

The parasite is transmitted in two distinct stages from mammals to tsetse flies.
This dual-stage transmission was previously unrecognized.
Evidence supports a more complex lifecycle than previously assumed.

Conclusions:

The transmission of African sleeping sickness parasite is more complex than previously understood.
This revised understanding has implications for vector control and disease prevention.
Further research into the two-stage transmission is warranted.