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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
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Protomapped by the pros: Proneural factors pattern cortex folding.

Víctor Borrell1

  • 1Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain.

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Summary

Neural progenitor cells co-expressing Neurog2 and Ascl1 are crucial for implementing cortex folding patterns during embryonic development. This study identifies key cellular mechanisms underlying brain development and cortical patterning.

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How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index
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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The intricate folding patterns of the cerebral cortex are essential for higher cognitive functions.
  • The precise mechanisms governing embryonic cortical development and folding remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular underpinnings of cortical folding during embryonic development.
  • To identify specific cell populations involved in establishing cortex folding patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced genetic and cellular imaging techniques.
  • Investigated gene expression patterns in neural progenitor cells during development.

Main Results:

  • Identified a specific population of neural progenitor cells expressing both Neurog2 and Ascl1.
  • Demonstrated the critical role of these cells in orchestrating cortex folding.

Conclusions:

  • Neural progenitor cells co-expressing Neurog2 and Ascl1 are key regulators of cortical folding.
  • This finding provides novel insights into the developmental processes shaping the mammalian brain.