Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Frog Muscle Response01:14

Design Example: Frog Muscle Response

371
A student is tasked to work on an intriguing experiment involving an RL (Resistor-Inductor) circuit to study the muscle response of a frog's leg to electrical stimulation. The RL circuit plays a crucial role in this experiment, providing the means to control and measure the electrical impulses that trigger muscle contraction.
When the switch connecting the RL circuit is closed, a brief muscle contraction is observed. This is because, at a steady state, the inductor acts like a short...
371
Muscle Contraction01:15

Muscle Contraction

92.7K
 
92.7K
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

2.3K
Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....
2.3K
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

1.8K
Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
1.8K
Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

6.6K
Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
Like neurons, muscle cells are also regarded as excitable due to their capacity to change in response to stimuli, primarily due to voltage-gated ion channels embedded in their plasma membranes, which get activated by alterations in the...
6.6K
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

3.6K
Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Use of organ transplant solution to preserve skeletal muscle for cellular and spatial transcriptomic analyses.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Structural variant discovery and diagnostic impact in rare diseases from short-read and long-read sequencing.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

A class of deep intronic <i>IGHMBP2</i> variants activate a shared cryptic splice donor, enabling correction of select variants with a single antisense oligonucleotide.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy Translation: Lessons from Early Regulatory Meetings.

Human gene therapy·2026
Same author

Meeting report: 2025 muscular dystrophy association summit on 'safety and challenges in gene therapy of neuromuscular diseases'.

Journal of neuromuscular diseases·2026
Same author

Training Together, Diagnosing Better: Federated Learning for Collagen VI-Related Dystrophies.

ArXiv·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Between In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies with the "Avatar" Technique to Advance Muscle Mechanics Research
07:03

Author Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Between In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies with the "Avatar" Technique to Advance Muscle Mechanics Research

Published on: August 18, 2023

1.0K

Designer AAV muscle up.

Carsten G Bönnemann1

  • 1Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Cell
|September 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Directed evolution created a new adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid. This engineered AAV9 targets skeletal muscle, improving gene therapy delivery to this major organ.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Therapy
  • Virology

Background:

  • Adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids are engineered to enhance gene therapy specificity.
  • Targeting skeletal muscle, the body's largest organ, is crucial for treating various genetic disorders.
  • Previous AAV serotypes have limitations in efficiently targeting skeletal muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel AAV serotype for targeted gene delivery to skeletal muscle.
  • To utilize directed evolution to create a bespoke AAV capsid with enhanced tropism for skeletal muscle.

Main Methods:

  • Employed directed evolution techniques to modify AAV9 capsid proteins.
  • Selected for variants containing an RGD- (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) containing integrin binding motif.

More Related Videos

Dosage-Adjusted Resistance Training in Mice with a Reduced Risk of Muscle Damage
07:29

Dosage-Adjusted Resistance Training in Mice with a Reduced Risk of Muscle Damage

Published on: August 31, 2022

2.0K
An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

4.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Between In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies with the "Avatar" Technique to Advance Muscle Mechanics Research
07:03

Author Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Between In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies with the "Avatar" Technique to Advance Muscle Mechanics Research

Published on: August 18, 2023

1.0K
Dosage-Adjusted Resistance Training in Mice with a Reduced Risk of Muscle Damage
07:29

Dosage-Adjusted Resistance Training in Mice with a Reduced Risk of Muscle Damage

Published on: August 31, 2022

2.0K
An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

4.4K
  • Focused modifications within a hypervariable region of the AAV9 capsid.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully generated a modified AAV9 capsid with enhanced tropism for skeletal muscle.
    • The engineered capsid incorporates an RGD-containing integrin binding heptamer.
    • This modification facilitates improved targeting of the largest human organ.

    Conclusions:

    • Directed evolution is an effective strategy for creating tissue-specific AAV vectors.
    • The novel engineered AAV9 variant shows promise for skeletal muscle-directed gene therapy.
    • This advancement could significantly improve the efficacy of gene therapies for muscle-related diseases.