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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

5.2K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
519
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

6.9K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Methods in sulfide and persulfide research.

Tsuyoshi Takata1, Minkyung Jung1, Tetsuro Matsunaga1

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.

Nitric Oxide : Biology and Chemistry
|September 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endogenous sulfides and persulfides are vital redox signaling molecules. Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases (CARSs) are key producers, influencing cell metabolism and immunity, though their full roles require further study.

Keywords:
Hydrogen sulfideMethodologyPersulfides/polysulfidesReactive sulfur metabolitesSulfides

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Sulfides and persulfides/polysulfides are endogenous metabolites found in mammalian cells.
  • These reactive sulfur species possess significant redox activity, acting as antioxidants and signaling molecules.
  • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is biochemically linked to persulfides, potentially serving as a marker for their activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of endogenous persulfides in cellular functions.
  • To identify key enzymes involved in persulfide biosynthesis.
  • To underscore the need for advanced detection methods for these sulfur metabolites.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence on persulfide synthesis and function.
  • Identification of enzymes like cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases (CARSs) as primary persulfide producers.
  • Discussion of the involvement of CARS2 in mitochondrial functions and immune modulation.

Main Results:

  • Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetases (CARSs) are identified as principal mammalian persulfide synthases.
  • Mitochondrial CARS2 contributes to biogenesis, bioenergetics, and anti-inflammatory functions.
  • Persulfides play roles in energy metabolism, redox signaling, and immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Persulfides are crucial endogenous metabolites with diverse physiological roles.
  • Understanding their biosynthetic pathways and functions is essential for clarifying their roles in health and disease.
  • Development of precise detection techniques is critical for further research into persulfides.