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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...
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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
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How vertical elevation affects self-other integration as measured by the joint Simon effect.

Anouk Van der Weiden1, Dirkje Pril2, Kerstin Dittrich3

  • 1Leiden University, Netherlands.

Acta Psychologica
|September 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High positions reduce how closely people connect with others, as shown by a new objective measure. This study used seating elevation to explore power

Keywords:
Action representationElevationPowerSelf-other integrationVertical joint Simon task

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Previous research links power to reduced self-other integration and increased psychological distance.
  • Existing evidence relies solely on subjective self-report measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively measure the effect of power on self-other integration using a behavioral task.
  • To investigate the role of seating elevation as a manipulation of power.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a vertical joint Simon task to quantify self-other integration via the joint Simon effect.
  • Manipulated seating position to create high-power (elevated) and low-power (lower) conditions.
  • Conducted experiments reanalyzing existing data and a high-powered replication.

Main Results:

  • An elevated seating position significantly decreased the joint Simon effect, indicating reduced self-other integration.
  • This effect was consistent across reanalyses and a replication experiment.
  • Subjective feelings of power did not mediate or moderate the observed effect of seating position.

Conclusions:

  • Seating elevation, a proxy for power, objectively reduces self-other integration.
  • The mechanism driving this effect may not be solely subjective feelings of power.
  • Further research is needed to explore alternative explanations for the impact of seating elevation.