The impact of CD4⁺CD28^null T lymphocytes on atrial fibrillation: a potential pathophysiological pathway

Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents the most common cardiac arrhythmia in daily clinical practice and substantially impacts affected patients by elevation of both morbidity and mortality. Previous investigations proved that inflammatory processes are closely linked to this multifactorial pathogenesis-especially autoreactive CD4⁺CD28^null T cells received in-depth attention.

Consequently, a potential pathophysiological pathway of the impact of CD4⁺CD28null T lymphocytes on the development and progression AF can be outlined.

Considering the available data in the literature, it needs to be assumed that CD4⁺CD28^null T lymphocytes are mainly involved in the development of AF and disease progression. Of utmost importance, it can be considered as the result of a T-cell-mediated auto-immune reaction among myocardial tissue. However, mechanisms which recruit CD4⁺CD28^null cells in cardiac tissue remain unclear and need further investigation.