When it's not appropriate to adapt: Toddlers' learning of novel speech patterns is affected by visual information

In adults, perceptual learning for speech is constrained, such that learning of novel pronunciations is less likely to occur if the (e.g., visual) context indicates that they are transient. However, adults have had a lifetime of experience with the types of cues that signal stable vs. transient speech variation. We ask whether visual context affects toddlers' learning of a novel speech pattern. Across conditions, 19-month-olds (N = 117) were exposed to familiar words either pronounced typically or in a novel, consonant-shifting accent. During exposure, some toddlers heard the accented pronunciations without a face present; others saw a video of the speaker producing the words with a lollipop against her cheek or in her mouth. Toddlers showed the weakest learning of the accent when the speaker had the lollipop in her mouth, suggesting that they treated the lollipop as the cause of the atypical pronunciations. These results demonstrate that toddlers' adaptation to a novel speech pattern is influenced by extra-linguistic context.