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Diagnostic tests based on pattern formation in drying body fluids - A mapping review.

Maria Olga Kokornaczyk¹, Natalia Borisovna Bodrova², Stephan Baumgartner³

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Summary

This review systematically classifies diagnostic tests using desiccating body fluid patterns. It identifies 30 distinct tests and six methods, offering a unified framework for these diagnostic approaches.

Keywords:

Crystallization test Desiccating body fluids Diagnostic test Ferning Patterns

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Area of Science:

Biomedical diagnostics
Analytical chemistry
Materials science

Background:

Numerous diagnostic tests rely on pattern formation in desiccating body fluids.
These tests, developed over time and across languages, remain largely unorganized and uncompared.
A systematic classification is needed to consolidate and evaluate these diagnostic methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a comprehensive literature search for diagnostic tests based on pattern formation in desiccating body fluids.
To group, systematize, and classify these tests based on experimental protocols, body fluid types, and target conditions.
To provide the first unified classification of these diagnostic approaches.

Main Methods:

Performed a wide literature search, identifying 1603 publications and including 141 in the review.
Classified diagnostic tests based on three main criteria: fluid deposition, reagent addition, and evaporation restrictions.
Further classified tests by the type of body fluid analyzed.

Main Results:

Identified six distinct methods and 30 different diagnostic tests based on pattern formation in evaporating body fluids.
Included well-known tests like ferning tests (tear, saliva, mucus, amniotic fluid) and less established ones.
Serum, saliva, and blood were the most frequently investigated fluids, targeting cancer, inflammation, and benign tumors.

Conclusions:

This review provides the first systematic classification of diagnostic tests utilizing desiccating body fluid patterns.
The established framework aids in understanding the diversity and application of these diagnostic methods.
Further systematic reviews and meta-analyses are recommended for specific groups of methods targeting similar conditions.