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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

A Mobile Outside-in Technique of Transforaminal Lumbar Endoscopy for Lumbar Disc Herniations
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Cervical Total Disc Replacement: Indications and Technique.

Pierce Nunley1, Kelly Frank Van Schouwen1, Marcus Stone1

  • 1Spine Institute of Louisiana, 1500 Line Avenue, Suite 200, Shreveport, LA 71101, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|September 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cervical total disc replacement (TDR) has been available since 2007, supported by strong evidence. Patient selection and surgical techniques for TDR remain debated among surgeons despite growing data.

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International journal of spine surgery·2026
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Physician ownership of ambulatory spine surgery centers: overcoming capital and regulatory barriers through innovative legal structures.

Neurosurgical focus·2026
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Ambispective study of fusion and subsidence in degenerated L4-5/L5-S1 discs treated with oblique lumbar interbody fusion/anterior lumbar interbody fusion using 3D-printed titanium open arch cages.

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Spine·2025

Area of Science:

  • Spinal surgery
  • Orthopedic biomechanics
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Cervical total disc replacement (TDR) devices have been available in the US since 2007.
  • Abundant level 1 evidence supports TDR as a treatment option.
  • Clinical trials established strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and surgical training protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of cervical total disc replacement in the US.
  • To discuss the ongoing debates in patient selection and surgical techniques for TDR.
  • To analyze the impact of growing published data on TDR practices.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of level 1 evidence for cervical TDR.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data regarding patient selection and surgical technique.
Keywords:
Cervical indicationsCervical techniqueCervical total disc replacement

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  • Discussion of current surgical practices and controversies in the US.

    • Main Results:

    • Consistent adherence to trial criteria and training is recommended for TDR.
    • Patient selection and surgical techniques for TDR are subjects of ongoing debate among US surgeons.
    • The expanding body of published data on TDR continues to influence surgical decision-making.

    Conclusions:

    • While TDR has a strong evidence base, consensus on optimal patient selection and surgical techniques is still evolving.
    • Continued evaluation of TDR outcomes and refinement of techniques are necessary.
    • Surgeons must balance established protocols with evolving evidence and patient-specific factors in TDR.